The article discusses the challenges of interoperability in the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) digital trade era. It notes that in February 2025, the African Union adopted eight annexes to the AfCFTA Protocol on Digital Trade, covering cross-border data transfers, digital identities, digital payments, and emerging technologies. Customs cooperation already has a legal footing in the AfCFTA's Protocol on Trade in Goods, with annexes binding State Parties to work together at the border. However, much of this still requires ratification and incorporation into national law.
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